Xenoestrogens are environmental compounds capable of interfering with endogenous estrogenic signaling through receptor-mediated and non-receptor-mediated mechanisms. Although traditionally studied in relation to reproductive and developmental toxicity, increasing evidence indicates that these compounds may also affect the central nervous system. Estrogen-sensitive pathways participate in synaptic plasticity, neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation, cognition, emotional regulation, and pain modulation. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the relationship between xenoestrogens, cognitive function, pain modulation, and neuroplasticity, with emphasis on mechanisms involving the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. The literature indicates that bisphenol A, bisphenol analogs, phthalates, PFAS, parabens, pesticides, and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals may influence neuronal development, dendritic remodeling, neurotransmission, oxidative stress, glial activation, and estrogen receptor signaling. The strongest evidence concerns neurodevelopmental and cognitive outcomes, particularly following prenatal, early-life, or chronic low-dose exposure. Evidence directly linking xenoestrogens to chronic pain remains limited; however, biological plausibility is supported by the involvement of estrogen receptors, neuroimmune pathways, prefrontal descending control, amygdala-mediated emotional salience, and maladaptive plasticity in pain processing. Current limitations include exposure heterogeneity, mixture effects, sex-specific variability, non-linear dose responses, and insufficient integration of neuroimaging, hormonal, inflammatory, cognitive, and pain-related outcomes. Future research should prioritize longitudinal, sex-sensitive, biomarker-based, and mixture-oriented approaches. Overall, xenoestrogens should be considered potential environmental modulators of brain health across the lifespan, with particular relevance to cognition, neuroplasticity, emotional regulation, and pain vulnerability.