Background: Dental caries is still a major public health issue across the globe, especially in the case of rich regions, where the school-aged children of the poor families suffer most. Streptococcus mutans is the bacteria that causes dental decay, and that is the reason for its great adhesion, biofilm formation, and acid production. The increase of antibiotic-resistant oral streptococci may make it difficult to treat such infections in the teeth. Aim: The study was to extract and classify S. mutans from children with dental cavities and also create the profile of the isolates' antibiotic susceptibility using the automated VITEK® 2 system. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 40 swab specimens taken from carious teeth of children aged 5–13 years who were visiting the Specialized Dental Center in Al-Diwaniyah and the College of Dentistry, University of Al-Qadisiyah, between 28 January 2024 and 20 April 2024. The samples were then cultured on blood agar and Mitis Salivarius agar (MSA) for primary isolation; the isolates were characterized by their colony morphology, Gram stain, and biochemical features and confirmed using the VITEK® 2 identification system. Furthermore, antibiotic susceptibility testing was done with VITEK® 2 AST cards (AST-ST01) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Results: Out of the total of 40 specimens, 20 specimens (50%) were determined to be S. mutans; the remaining isolates consisted of S. anginosus (4; 10%), S. sanguinis (2; 5%), S. mitis (1; 2%), and other organisms (13; 32%) (Table 1). The antibiotic resistance patterns that were determined by VITEK® 2 showed high resistance rates among S. mutans strains to many of the commonly used antibiotics such as benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, and erythromycin; however, the strains were still sensitive to linezolid, teicoplanin, tigecycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol (the representative MIC data are in Table 2). Conclusion: The study revealed that S. mutans was the most prevalent isolate from dental caries in children and at the same time alarming presence of multidrug resistance due toβ-lactams, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. The highlights of these facts are the necessity of dental practitioners adopting the practice of antimicrobial stewardship accompanied by the monitoring of oral streptococcal resistance patterns.