Growth Hormone (GH) is essential for human development, not only by regulating postnatal growth and metabolism but also by supporting key neurodevelopmental processes. Its biological actions extend to neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, myelination, and the modulation of brain networks involved in cognition and behavior. Evidence from neuroimaging indicates that children with Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) often present reduced hippocampal volume, alterations in white matter integrity, and disrupted connectivity, findings that correlate with deficits in learning, attention, and executive functioning. These observations demonstrate that GHD should not be viewed exclusively as a disorder of stature but also as a condition with potential neurocognitive consequences. Clinical studies show that GHD manifests with proportionate short stature, delayed puberty, and metabolic alterations, but also with difficulties in memory, learning, and behavior. This article aims to review the physiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic advances, and future perspectives of GH, with a special emphasis on recent developments. By integrating knowledge across two and a half decades, the text provides a robust and updated overview of the growth hormone field. This study was conducted as an integrative literature review focused on the relationship between GHD and neurodevelopmental disorders in children. The review aimed to synthesize current knowledge on physiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, syndromic associations, therapeutic approaches, and neurocognitive outcomes. A structured search was carried out in major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, between January 2000 and August 2025. The keywords and their combinations were used: growth hormone deficiency, children, neurodevelopment, cognition, Prader-Willi syndrome, Turner syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, recombinant human growth hormone, and long-acting growth hormone. Syndromic conditions such as Prader–Willi and Turner syndromes.