The persistent rise in food prices amid worsening climate variability presents a critical development challenge in Nigeria and across Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite increasing concern, few studies have provided long-term, integrated assessments of how climatic changes, particularly shifts in temperature and rainfall, affect staple food prices. Existing literature often focuses on short-term correlations or excludes trend-based growth modelling, leaving a gap in understanding the structural co-evolution of climate and food systems. This study fills that gap by empirically analysing the trends and growth patterns in climate variables and food prices in Nigeria from 1991 to 2024. Using secondary data, the study employs descriptive statistics, exponential growth models, and quadratic time trend functions to evaluate the behaviour of key climate variables and selected staple food prices. The findings reveal a significant and accelerating increase in both minimum and maximum temperatures across the study period, while rainfall exhibits a mild negative trend with increasing interannual variability. Food prices show consistent upward trends, with all four staples experiencing statistically significant growth rates and positive acceleration, especially after 2015. These results suggest a co-evolving dynamic between climate stress and food market volatility, highlighting the vulnerability of Nigeria’s rain-fed agriculture and fragmented food distribution systems. The study concludes that climate variability contributes to rising food prices and market instability, with far-reaching implications for food security and rural livelihoods. It recommends targeted investments in climate-resilient agriculture, market infrastructure, and early warning systems to mitigate the compound risks of environmental and economic shocks.