1. INTRODUCTION

Fungi are essential biological organisms responsible for decomposition, nutrient cycling, and ecological balance. They are eukaryotic and heterotrophic organisms, with cell walls composed mainly of chitin, chitosan, or polysaccharides. Their reproductive process occurs through spores, and their mycelial structure allows environmental adaptability and diverse ecological interactions. They also possess important biochemical substances studied for medicinal, agricultural, and industrial purposes. These microorganisms represent an important source of new biologically active compounds and metabolic pathways for research and innovation. Table 1 presents the general characteristics of fungi (Michelot and Meléndez-Howell, 2003; Li and Oberlies, 2005; Alves, 2012; Carboué and Lopez, 2021; Biderman, 2023).

Table 1: General characteristics of fungi, describing their main structural, physiological, and ecological features in nature, highlighting their roles as decomposers, symbionts, and pathogens in terrestrial ecosystems

Among the various fungal species, A muscaria is one of the most widely recognized due to its characteristic red cap with white spots, historical symbolism, toxicological properties, and medicinal potential. It has been described in folklore, shamanic rituals, ethnomedicine, and modern scientific investigations. Historically, it was considered toxic, but studies revealed the presence of neuroactive and pharmacologically relevant compounds. These compounds have renewed scientific interest in this species, expanding investigations into its therapeutic potential in neuroscience and pharmacology. Morphology of the A. muscaria Figure 1 (Michelot and Meléndez-Howell, 2003; Li and Oberlies, 2005; Alves, 2012; Carboué and Lopez, 2021; Costa, 2024).

Figure 1: Macroscopic morphology of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae), showing the red cap with white warts, a cylindrical stipe with an annulus and a volva at the base, and illustrating typical identification features. The white, free, and crowded gills are responsible for spore production and support taxonomic classification within Basidiomycota. This visual representation highlights diagnostic structures frequently used in biological, ecological, and toxicological studies

Amanita muscaria belongs to the phylum Basidiomycota, order Agaricales, and family Amanitaceae. It is commonly found in temperate and boreal forests, forming ectomycorrhizal associations with trees such as pine, birch, and spruce. In this symbiotic interaction, the fungus facilitates the absorption of mineral nutrients by the plant, while receiving carbohydrates from root exudates. This mutualism improves soil quality, enhances plant development, and contributes to the ecological stability of forest environments. The species adapts to different altitudinal ranges and soil types, favoring its geographical distribution. Figures 2A and 2B demonstrate the life cycle of A. muscaria (Michelot and Meléndez-Howell, 2003; Li and Oberlies, 2005; Alves, 2012; Carapeto et al., 2017; Carboué and Lopez, 2021; Biderman, 2023; Costa, 2024).

Figure 2A: Life cycle of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae), showing spore germination, hyphal growth, formation of mycelial network, and establishment of ectomycorrhizal association with host tree roots. The basidiocarp emerges from the soil under favorable temperature and humidity conditions, completing the reproductive stage. This diagram illustrates key developmental stages used to understand ecological adaptation and propagation mechanisms

Figure 2B: Microscopic structure of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae) showing hyphal organization, presence of septate hyphae, and development of mycorrhizal mantle around host root tips. The Hartig net facilitates nutrient exchange between fungal structures and plant tissues. This representation highlights the functional role of mycorrhiza in nutrient uptake, symbiosis, and ecological resilience

Biochemically, Amanita muscaria produces several compounds of pharmacological relevance, such as muscimol, ibotenic acid, and muscarine. Muscimol is identified as a potent GABA receptor agonist, while ibotenic acid acts on glutamatergic receptors, producing neuroexcitatory effects. These substances have attracted interest in studies on cognitive modulation, neurodegeneration, and psychopharmacology. Research demonstrates possible applications in conditions such as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and movement disorders, although risks related to toxicity and dosage persist. Table 2, presents the morphological and taxonomic characteristics of A. muscaria (Michelot and Meléndez-Howell, 2003; Li and Oberlies, 2005; Alves, 2012; Carapeto et al., 2017; Carboué and Lopez, 2021; Biderman, 2023).

Table 2: Morphological and taxonomic features of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae), including its systematic position, macroscopic structures, and typical habitat associations in temperate forest environments

Additionally, A. muscaria has shown potential insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties in experimental studies. Extracts of this fungus demonstrated effectiveness against Musca domestica L., 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae, indicating insecticidal properties. However, due to its high toxicity, clinical use requires careful evaluation, standardized preparation methods, and strict dosage control. Despite these limitations, its bioactive components make it a promising candidate for pharmacological investigations and therapeutic applications (Michelot and Meléndez-Howell, 2003; Li and Oberlies, 2005; Alves, 2012; Carboué and Lopez, 2021; Biderman, 2023; Costa, 2024).

2.0. METHOD

This study was conducted through a structured literature investigation across reliable scientific sources available on the internet. The search focused on content published in recent years that addressed topics such as biological characteristics, chemical composition, pharmacological substances, medicinal applications, ecological importance, toxicity, and therapeutic potential of the species A. muscaria. Relevant documents were selected according to previously defined parameters, ensuring coherence with the main objective of this research.

The selection criteria considered the clarity of the content, scientific approach, presence of verified data, and contribution to the understanding of the medicinal and biological properties of the species. Only complete texts written in English or Portuguese were considered, with a priority given to those containing updated information and objective findings. The data were organized and examined to identify relevant aspects and similarities among different studies.

The collected material was categorized according to thematic relevance, allowing a better understanding of specific topics, such as pharmacological activity, toxicological effects, ecological distribution, and potential therapeutic applications. From the collected information, the main concepts were synthesized and associated with related scientific and biological principles. Tables and figures were planned to illustrate the biological, ecological, and biochemical aspects of the species.

No experimental procedures involving laboratory or field analysis were performed for this study. Instead, an interpretative and descriptive approach was applied, aiming to gather, organize, compare, and discuss information available in scientific and academic sources about A. muscaria, focusing on its biological, medicinal, and therapeutic relevance.

3.0. RESULTS

The biological analysis of A. muscaria revealed structural and ecological features that demonstrate its relevance in natural environments, including its eukaryotic organization, decomposer role, and ability to form symbiotic associations, as shown in Figure 3, the illustrated macroscopic morphology of A. muscaria. These aspects highlight the importance of fungi in nutrient cycling, environmental balance, and mutualistic relationships in forest ecosystems (Carboué and Lopez, 2021; Biderman, 2023; Costa, 2024).

Figure 3: Microscopic structures of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae)showing septate hyphae, basidiospores, clamp connections, and ectomycorrhizal mantle formation around host root tissues. These adaptations facilitate nutrient absorption, symbiotic interactions, and efficient communication between fungal and plant cells. This organization supports ecological resilience, forest productivity, and classification of the species within Basidiomycota

Morphological examination confirmed the identification of A. muscaria based on macroscopic structures such as red cap, white warts, lamellae, and volva, allowing differentiation from similar species in the Amanitaceae family. The internal hyphal network and clamp connections are essential for fungal classification (Li and Oberlies, 2005; Figueiredo et al., 2006; Geml et al., 2008; Alves, 2012; Carboué and Lopez, 2021; Biderman, 2023; Costa, 2024).

Ecological observations revealed that A. muscaria can be found in temperate and boreal forests, forming associations with pine, birch, oak, and spruce trees. Its distribution across continents is predominantly linked to acidic and sandy the microscopic structures, and forest interaction of A. muscaria. These findings support the species' adaptability and ecological relevance in the forest. Table 3 shows the distribution and habitat of A. muscaria ecosystems. Table 3, shows a study of the distribution and habitat of A. muscaria (Alves, 2012; Almeida, 2014; Cárcamo et al., 2016; Carapeto et al., 2017; Carboué and Lopez, 2021; Biderman, 2024).

Table 3: Distribution and habitat of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae) across different geographic regions, showing typical host plants, seasonal occurrence, soil preferences, and ecological notes related to its expansion

Toxicological studies demonstrated that A. muscaria extracts can affect insects such as M. domestica, C. quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae), producing paralysis, larvicidal action, and egg viability reduction. These compounds, including muscimol and muscazone, are structurally represented in Table 4, the insecticidal evidence of A. muscaria, and Figure 4, Chemical structures of muscimol, ibotenic acid, and muscarine, showing their potential biological applications Li and Oberlies, 2005; Figueiredo et al., 2006; Geml et al., 2008; Alves, 2012; Carapeto et al., 2017; Carboué and Lopez, 2021; Biderman, 2023; Maestrovirtuale, 2024).

Table 4: Insecticidal evidence of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae) extracts, summarizing experimental studies that report toxic effects of its compounds on different target species and potential applications in vector control

Figure 4: Chemical structures of muscimol, ibotenic acid, and muscarine, showing their molecular configurations, functional groups, and relation to neuroactive properties. These compounds act on GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors, influencing central nervous system responses. Their structural differences explain variations in toxicity, psych activity, and therapeutic potential

It was observed that A. muscaria establishes ectomycorrhizal relationships with several tree species, contributing to nutrient absorption, root protection, and improved environmental resilience. These symbiotic mechanisms are visually described in, demonstrating nutrient exchange and soil enhancement. Table 5 shows a mycorrhizal association between A. muscaria (Figueiredo et al., 2006; Geml et al., 2008; Alves, 2012; Carboué and Lopez, 2021; Biderman, 2023; Costa, 2024).

Pharmacological evaluation indicated that consumption of A. muscaria produces dose-dependent psychoactive effects, including sensory alteration, hallucinations, and neurological impairment. These neurochemical processes are illustrated in Figure 5, the interaction of muscimol and ibotenic acid with GABA-A receptors, highlighting their potential pharmacological implications. Table 6, shows the hallucinogenic profile and adverse effects of consuming A. muscaria (Geml et al., 2008; Alves, 2012; Cárcamo et al., 2016; Carapeto et al., 2017; Carboué and Lopez, 2021).

Figure 5: Traditional and modern representations of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae), highlighting external morphology, red cap with white warts, stipe with annulus and volva, and its use in ethnomycology, medicinal research, and experimental applications. The visual comparison illustrates both cultural symbolism and scientific relevance, showing its transition from ritualistic contexts to pharmacological studies. This image supports biological interpretation and contextual understanding of the species

Table 6: Hallucinogenic profile and adverse effects of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae) consumption, relating dose levels to psychoactive intensity, duration of effects, and potential toxic reactions observed in human reports

Experimental evidence demonstrated that compounds such as muscimol and ibotenic acid have potential effects in neurological disorders, chronic pain, hepatic inflammation, and emotional instability. These biological applications are illustrated in Figure 6, traditional and experimental medicinal uses of A. muscaria, supporting interest in pharmacological and ethnomedical research. Table 7, therapeutic and clinical evidence related to muscimol (Figueiredo et al., 2006; Cárcamo et al., 2016; Carboué and Lopez, 2021; Dyshko et al., 2024).

Figure 6: Neurochemical interaction of muscimol and ibotenic acid with GABA-A receptors, demonstrating inhibitory signaling pathways and synaptic modulation in the central nervous system. The diagram highlights the binding process, neural response reduction, and effects on perception, cognition, and sensory processes. This representation supports an understanding of pharmacological action and the biological relevance of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae) compounds

Table 7: Therapeutic and clinical evidence related to muscimol and Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae) preparations, summarizing observed effects in experimental and clinical contexts for neurological and systemic conditions

4.0. DISCUSSION

The biological relevance of A. muscaria is confirmed by its ecological versatility and capacity to establish ectomycorrhizal associations with different forest tree species. These mutualistic interactions improve nutrient cycling, soil structure, and water retention, contributing to forest stability and resilience in temperate and boreal ecosystems. Ecological interaction of A. muscaria with forest trees, which illustrates nutrient exchange between fungal hyphae and roots and highlights its importance in ecosystem functioning (Negri et al., 2022; Okhovat et al., 2023; Maciejczyk, 2024).

Toxicological observations reveal that ingestion of A. muscaria may lead to a wide spectrum of dose-dependent physiological and neurological manifestations. Symptoms vary from mild gastrointestinal discomfort and sensory alteration to severe confusion, hallucinations, and central nervous system depression when higher amounts are consumed. Traditional and experimental medicinal uses of A. muscaria are summarized in Figure 7. Dose-dependent toxicological responses of A. muscaria, demonstrating the relationship between dose, exposure, and clinical outcome and reinforcing the need for strict safety evaluation (Michelot and Melendez-Howell, 2003; Patocka and Kocandrlova, 2017; Negri et al., 2022; Okhovat et al., 2023; Maciejczyk, 2024). Morphological and taxonomic characterization remains essential for safe identification of A. muscaria in ecological, toxicological, and clinical contexts. Its red cap with white warts, white crowded gills, cylindrical stipe with annulus, and the presence of a volva at the base allow differentiation from other potentially toxic or edible mushrooms that share the same habitat. These diagnostic features are clearly presented in Figure 7. Morphological representation of A. muscaria, supporting reliable recognition in field surveys and laboratory analyses Li and Oberlies, 2005; Cárcamo et al., 2016; Carapeto et al., 2017; Carboué and Lopez, 2021).

Figure 7: Traditional and experimental medicinal uses of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae), showing topical applications, tincture preparations, and potential roles in pain modulation and neurophysiological balance. The representation illustrates therapeutic perspectives based on the pharmacological properties of muscimol and ibotenic acid, without promoting recreational use. This visual context supports academic interpretation of biological, ethnomedical, and clinical relevance

In parallel with its toxicological profile, pharmacological data indicate that bioactive compounds such as muscimol and ibotenic acid interact with inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter systems. These substances may modulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission, suggesting potential applications in experimental models of neurodegeneration, pain, and psychiatric disorders. However, their narrow safety margin and variable content in natural specimens demand careful standardization, controlled dosing, and rigorous preclinical assessment before any clinical use is considered. Figure 8, dose-dependent toxicological responses of A. muscaria (Li and Oberlies, 2005; Geml et al., 2008; Carapeto et al., 2017; Ordak et al., 2023; Costa, 2024).

Figure 8: Dose-dependent toxicological responses of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam, 1783 (Agaricales: Amanitaceae), showing stages from mild physiological effects to severe neurotoxic manifestations associated with muscimol and ibotenic acid exposure. The progression illustrates neurological symptoms, organ involvement, and potential risks related to ingestion, reinforcing the importance of dosage control and scientific regulation. This representation supports toxicological interpretation and safety assessment for pharmacological research

Ethnopharmacological records and experimental studies suggest that preparations derived from A. muscaria could present analgesic, neuroprotective, and psychotropic actions under controlled conditions. Nevertheless, the same properties that generate interest also impose significant risks when used without scientific supervision. For this reason, further investigations are required to define extraction protocols, determine pharmacokinetics, evaluate long-term safety, and establish regulatory criteria that differentiate experimental, therapeutic, and toxicological contexts (Li and Oberlies, 2005; Figueiredo et al., 2006; Carboué and Lopez, 2021; Biderman, 2023; Ordak et al., 2023; Costa, 2024).

5.0. CONCLUSION

Amanita muscaria presents biological, ecological, and chemical characteristics that make it a relevant species for scientific investigation. Its bioactive compounds show promising effects in neuropharmacology, toxicology, and potential medicinal applications. However, toxicity variability, dosage sensitivity, and preparation methods represent significant limitations for clinical use. While experimental research demonstrates potential therapeutic effects, controlled studies and standardized extraction protocols are necessary. Future research should focus on safety, regulation, and pharmacological validation to enable its possible biomedical application.

REFERENCES

• Abbas, A. K, Lichtman, A. H., & Pillai, S. (2015). Cellular and molecular immunology. Rio de Janeiro, Elsevier.
• Acevedo, J. A. A. (2025). Medicinal activity of the mushrooms Coprinus comatus and Amanita muscaria: Review. Electronic Magazine of PortalesMedicos.com, 20(7), 328.
• Almeida, J. B. (2014). Antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity of staphylococci in samples from a Brazilian human milk bank. Breastfeeding Medicine, 53(8), 761-768.
• Alves, M. J. (2012). The review on antimicrobial activity of mushroom extracts (Basidiomycetes) and isolated compounds. Medical Plant, 78, 1707–1718.
• Amanita Store (2025a). Alcohol addiction and fly agaric. Retrieved Jul, 31, 2025, from https://amanitamuscariastore.online/pt/blog/alcohol-addiction-and-amanita/
• Amanita Store. (2025b). Fly agaric - New opportunities. Retrieved Jul, 31, 2025, from https://amanitamuscariastore.online/pt/blog/amanita-muscaria-new-opportunities/
• Amanita Store. (2025c). Amanita tincture, application, and benefits. Retrieved Jul, 31, 2025, from https://amanitamuscariastore.online/pt/blog/how-to-use-amanita-tincture/
• Amanita store. (2025d). Amanita muscaria grade A. Retrieved Jul, 31, 2025, from Retrieved Jul, 31, 2025, from https://amanitamuscariastore.online/pt/blog/how-to-use-amanita-tincture/
• Araújo, A. M. et al. (2015). The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review. Archives of Toxicology, 89(8), 1151–1173.
• Badotti, F. et al. (2017). Effectiveness of its sub-regions as DNA barcode markers for identifying Basidiomycota (Fungi). BMC Microbiology, 17(1), 1–12.
• Biderman, C. (2023). They look delicious, but a California hospital warns against eating these poisonous mushrooms. Sacramento: Health and Medicine.
• Carapeto, L. P. et al. (2017). Larvicidal efficiency of the fungus Amanita muscaria (Agaricales, Amanitaceae) against Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae). Biotemas, 30(3), 79-83.
• Carboué, Q., & Lopez, M. (2021). Amanita muscaria: Ecology, chemistry, myths. Encyclopedia 1(3), 905.
• Cárcamo, M. C., Carapeto, L. P., Duarte, J. P., Bernardi, E., & Ribeiro, P. B. (2016). Larvicidal efficiency of the mushroom Amanita muscaria (Agaricales, Amanitaceae) against the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera, Culicidae). Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine, 49(1), 95-98.
• Chen, Li., Nicholas, C., & Oberlies, H. (2005). The most widely recognized mushroom: Chemistry of the genus Amanita. Life Sciences, 78(5), 532-538.
• Costa, D. E. C. (2024). From games to real life: Super Mario mushroom spreads across Brazilian territory. Retrieved May, 11, 2025, from Available at http://www1.rc.unesp.br/biosferas/Art0090.html
• Coyle, J. T., & Schwarcz, R. (2020). The Discovery and characterization of targeted perikaryal-specific brain lesions with excitotoxins. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 927.
• Cunha, Jr., N. O., & Faleiro, D. (2025). The document is a scientific article titled Amanita muscaria and neurodegenerative diseases: Therapeutic potentials and risks. Multidisciplinary Journal of Health, 6(1), 1-1.
• Dyshko, V. et al. (2024). An overview of mycorrhiza in pines: Research, species, and applications. Plants, 13(4), 506.
• Fatur, K. (2017). Sagas of the Solanaceae: Speculative ethnobotanical perspectives on the Norse berserkers.
• Figueiredo, M. B., Carvalho, J. A. A., Coutinho, L. N., & Fosco-Mucci, E. S (2024). Amanita muscaria - attractive-looking but toxic. Retrieved May, 11, 2024, from geocities.com/~esabio/
• Geml, J. et al. (2006). Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular Ecology, 15(1), 225–239.
• Geml, J. et al. (2008). Evidence for strong inter- and intracontinental phylogeographic structure in Amanita muscaria, a wind-dispersed ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48(2), 694– 701.
• Gibbons, S., & Arunotayanun, W. (2013). Natural product (fungal and herbal). New psychoactive substances. In P. I. Dargan, D. M. Wood (Eds.), New Psychoactive substances – Classification, pharmacology, and toxicology (pp. 345-362). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier BV.
• Hoffman, M. A. (2019). Entheogens (psychedelic drugs) and the ancient mystery religions. In P. Wexler (Ed.), History of toxicology and environmental health and toxicology in Antiquity (pp. 353-362). Massachusetts, United States of America: Academic Press.
• Jamieson, C. S., Misa, J., Tang, Y., & Billingsley, J. M. (2021). Biosynthesis and synthetic biology of psychoactive natural products. Chemical Society Reviews journal, 50(12), 6950–7008.
• Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 244, 112-151.
• Kondeva-Burdina, M., Voynova, M., Shkondrov, A., Aluani, D., Tzankova, V., & Krasteva, I. (2019). Effects of Amanita muscaria extract on different in vitro neurotoxicity models at sub-cellular and cellular levels. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 132, 110687.
• Laelson, Jr. (2025). Summary on psilocybin: Definition, indications, and more!. Retrieved Jul, 27, 2025, from https://med.estrategia.com/portal/conteudos-gratis/farmacos/resumo-sobre-psilocibina-definicao-indicacoes-e-mais/
• Lee, M. R., Dukan, E., & Milne, I. (2018). Amanita muscaria (fly agaric): from a shamanistic hallucinogen to the search for acetylcholine. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 48(1), 85–91.
• Li, C., & Oberlies, N. H. (2005). The most recognized mushroom: Chemistry of the genus Amanita. Life Sciences, 78(5), 532–538.
• Lonser, R. et al. (2012). Convection-enhanced delivery of muscimol to the epileptic focus: preclinical and clinical research. Neurosurgery, 71(2), E568.
• Maciejczyk, E. (2024). Amanita forest. The chemistry of Amanita muscaria, active substances and principles. Retrieved Jul, 27, 2025, from https://www.bosquedasamanitas.com.br/post/a-qu%C3%ADmica-de-amanita-muscaria-subst%C3%A2ncias-e-princ%C3%ADpios-ativos
• (2024). Amanita muscaria: characteristics, life cycle, nutrition. Retrieved Jul, 31, from https://maestrovirtuale.com/amanita-muscaria-caracteristicas-ciclo-de-vida-nutricao/
• Michelot, D., & Melendez-Howell, L. M. (2003). Amanita muscaria: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology. Mycological Research, 107(2),131-146.
• Moncalvo, J. M., Drehmel, D., & Vilgalys, R. (2000). Variation in modes and rates of evolution in nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA in the mushroom genus Amanita (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): phylogenetic implications. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 16(1), 48-63.
• Moraes, P. L. (2025). The importance of fungi for humans. Brasil Escola. Retrieved Jul, 31, 2025, from https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/biologia/a-importancia-dos-fungos-para-os-seres-humanos.htm.
• Natura Myco Labs. (2024). Amanita muscaria: Effects, preparation, and benefits. Retrieved Jul, 27, 2025, from https://naturamyco.com/amanita-muscaria-efeitos-preparacao-e-beneficios/
• Negri, S. et al. (2022). GABAA and GABAB receptors mediate GABA-induced intracellular Ca2+ signals in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cells, 11(23), 3860.
• Okhovat, A., Cruces, W., Docampo-Palacios, M. L., Ray, K. P., & Ramirez, G. A. (2023). Psychoactive isoxazoles, muscimol, and isoxazole derivatives from the Amanita (Agaricomycetes). Species: Review of new trends in synthesis, dosage, and biological properties. International Journal of Medicinal Muashrooms, 25(9), 1- 10.
• Ordak, M., Galazka, A., Nasierowski, T., Muszynska, E., & Bujalska-Zadrozny, M. (2023). Reasons, form of ingestion, and side effects associated with the consumption of Amanita muscaria. Toxics, 11(4), 383.
• Patocka, J., & Kocandrlova, B. (2017). Pharmacologically and toxicologically relevant components of Amanita muscaria. Military Medical Science Letters, 86(3), 122-134.
• Professor Mushroom. (2024). All about the Amanita muscaria mushroom: effects, cultivation, and more. Retrieved Jul, 29, 2025, https://www.professorcogumelo.com.br/tudo-sobre-o-amanita-muscaria/
• Rampolli, F. I. (2021). The deceptive mushroom: Accidental Amanita muscaria European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine, 8(3), 002212.
• Savickaitė, E., & Laubner-Sakalauskienė, G. (2025). Emerging risks of Amanita muscaria: Case reports on increasing consumption and health risks. Acta Medica Lituanica, 32(1),182-189.
• Soares, D. M. M. (2019). L-DOPA extradiol dioxygenase from Amanita muscaria: a review of the coding sequence, heterologous expression, functional characterization, and phylogenetic contextualization. Retrieved May, 11, 2025, from https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-04072019-091912/pt-br.php
• Thase, M. D., & Connolly, R. M. D. (2024). Unipolar depression in adults: Choosing treatment for drug-resistant depression. Retrieved Jul, 30, 2025, from Https://Www.Uptodate.Com/Contents/Unipolar-Depression-In-Adults-Choosing-Treatment-For-Resistant-Depression
• Timoneda, A., Sheehan, H., Feng, T., Lopez-Nieves, S., Maeda, H. A., & Brockington, S. (2018). Redirecting primary metabolism to boost production of tyrosine-derived specialised metabolites in planta. Scientific Reports,8,
• Voynova, M. et al. (2020). Toxicological and pharmacological profile of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. a new rising opportunity for biomedicine. Pharmacy, 67(4), 317–323.
• Wang, S. et al. (2017). Protective roles of hepatic GABA signaling in acute liver injury of rats. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 312(3), 208–218.
• Wilman, M. V., & Lane, N. E. (2020). The importance of vitamin D. Rheumatology and Orthopedic Medicine, 5, 1-9.